Pea is an unpretentious plant, but its cultivation can be overshadowed by diseases and pests. As a result, the quality of the crop and its quantitative indicators suffer. It is important to timely detect signs of damage and take appropriate measures.
Pea Disease: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Almost all pea diseases are fungal. Often, affected plants can no longer be saved, but you can stop the problem and prevent it from affecting the rest of the planting.
Ascochitosis
Allocate pale, dark and merging askochitosis. The causative agent in all three types of the disease is one - ascomycetes of the genus Ascochyta.
For pale ascochitosis The following symptoms are characteristic:
- light chestnut spots on beans, there is a dark brown border;
- the same spots can affect leaves and stems;
- rounded spots up to 0.9 cm in diameter on leaves and beans, on petioles and stems they are elongated;
- instead of spots, the formation of many pycnids (fruit bodies of mushrooms) is possible;
- the peas become wrinkled, light yellow faint spots appear on them.
Dark Ascochitosis affects leaves, stems and beans. Dark brown spots of irregular shape appear, up to 0.7 cm in size. Pycnids cover the surface of large spots. When seedlings are affected, the root neck blackens and begins to rot.
For confluent ascochitosis rounded spots with a light color and a contrasting dark border are characteristic. Often they merge, affect leaves and stems.
When affected by ascochitosis, some of the seedlings die, the development of the culture is delayed, the maturation period increases.
The causative agent hibernates on affected plant debris. Mushrooms in seeds can last more than 5 years. The development of the disease contributes to increased humidity and air temperature from 20-25 degrees. Pycnospores are abundantly distributed by the wind and raindrops.
In case of ascochitosis, it is necessary to treat the site with fungicide. Bordeaux fluid is effective. If the plants are severely affected, then remove them and burn.
Prevention measures are as follows:
- dress seeds before planting;
- burn plant debris;
- comply with crop rotation rules;
- use fungicides during the growing season for prophylaxis.
Bacteriosis
This disease is also called bacterial spotting. The causative agent is the bacteria Pseudornonas. They penetrate the wounds and stomata, can enter the beans through the vascular system and affect the seeds.
The signs of the disease are as follows:
- large brown spots, round or irregular shape, oily border;
- spots can merge;
- if the seeds are affected, then indented spots appear on them.
The causative agent is stored in plant debris and infected seeds. The development of the disease contributes to high humidity and cool weather. Bacteria can survive up to 5 years. Wind carries them, raindrops, soil dust.
Fight against pea bacteriosis with bactericidal or iodine-containing drugs. They are used for spraying. Effective Gamair and Fitolavin, you can use copper sulfate, Bordeaux liquid.
Prevention of bacterial rot is:
- burning plant debris;
- deep digging of the soil in the fall;
- seed dressing;
- the use of drugs used to combat the disease.
Root rot (Fusarium)
The causative agents of the disease are imperfect fungi more often of the genus Fusarium Link, less often - Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn or Thielaviopsis basicola Ferr. Their habitat is soil, plant debris. Distribution is carried out due to the seeds in the shell of which are the mycelium.
Root rot is expressed by the following symptoms:
- yellowing, curling, drying and falling of leaves;
- the lag of plants in growth, the death of highly weakened specimens;
- at high humidity - the appearance on the affected parts of the culture of a white or pinkish plaque with pinkish or orange pads;
- the appearance of many thin lateral roots on the main root above the affected area;
- possibly tracheomycotic wilting - drooping leaves and apices of the stem, their quick drying, red-brown coloring of the vessels of the roots, petioles of the leaves and pedicels.
Favorable conditions for the development of root rot is high air temperature and its low relative humidity. In affected plants, punctured seeds form or there are no fruiting at all.
To combat the disease and its prevention, fungicides and biological preparations are used: Fundazole, Trichodermin, Trichophytum, Fitolavin, Bordeaux fluid. Effective and folk remedies:
- A solution of iodine in four parts of water. Use to treat the stem and upper parts of the roots.
- A mixture of equal parts of crushed chalk and sifted wood ash. Use for dusting affected plants.
- A solution of potassium permanganate. The color should be pale pink. Water the soil around the affected plants, pouring under the root.
- Pasta from 0.5 l of water, 3 tbsp. l chalk and 1 hour of copper sulfate. Processing is subject to the upper part of the stem, the root neck and the upper parts of the roots.
- A solution of 10 liters of water, 1 liter of milk, 20 g of laundry soap (grate first) and 30 drops of iodine. Treat the affected plants, repeat the treatment twice with a 10-day interval.
Prevention of root rot is:
- disinfection of land before planting crops;
- burning of plant debris;
- moderate fertilizer application;
- the exception of overmoistening of the soil and stagnation of moisture.
Downy mildew
This disease is also called peronosporosis. The causative agent is the inferior fungus Peronosporales. Plants are usually affected at the beginning of flowering.
The disease affects all the aerial parts of the culture and is manifested by the following symptoms:
- rounded whitish or yellowish spots on the upper side of the leaves;
- a web-like bloom of a grayish-violet color on the underside of the leaves, which is formed at high humidity;
- blurry chlorotic spots on stems and beans.
Such a lesion is called local, but there is also a diffuse type, when all the aboveground organs are evenly covered with a gray-purple coating.
Plants affected by downy mildew lag behind in growth, the grain is formed hollow, the crop noticeably suffers.
The development of peronosporosis is promoted by high humidity and low temperatures. The causative agent is stored in plant debris and winter there. Mushrooms can be in the seed coat.
Fungicides help fight the disease. They are also used during the growing season for prevention. Bordeaux fluid, Fitosporin, Gamair, Alirin are effective. You can use folk methods:
- Dissolve 60-70 g of sulfur in a bucket of water. Spray affected plants with this solution.
- Prepare a solution of 9 liters of water, 1 liter of skim milk and 10 drops of iodine (5%). Spray the culture.
- Pour 0.3 kg of ripe onion peel 10 l of water, boil, leave for 2 days. Use filtered solution for spraying.
- Prepare a weak solution of potassium permanganate. Use for spraying.
For the prevention of peronosporosis, you need:
- comply with crop rotation rules;
- burn plant debris;
- carry out crop sowing in the early stages;
- treat seeds before sowing with fungicide.
Mosaic
The disease is viral. The causative agent is Pisum Virus. The development of the disease contributes to dry weather and lack of moisture.
Symptoms are as follows:
- light green spots on the leaves, which gradually become transparent;
- mottling of leaves, they become wrinkled, curly;
- with early damage, the culture does not bear fruit;
- with late infection, yield decreases;
The main source of infection during sowing is infected seeds. During the growing season, the virus spreads aphids.
In case of mosaic damage, it is necessary to get rid of diseased plants, and to remove part of the soil. The rest of the plantings are treated with karbofos - 75 g of the product per 10 liters of water.
Mosaic Prevention is:
- fight against aphids;
- early sowing of culture;
- the use of healthy seeds.
Powdery mildew
The causative agent is a marsupial fungus of the genus Erysiphales. The disease spreads quickly because it is carried by insects, wind, and raindrops. Favorable for its development are temperatures from 20 degrees and air humidity of 70-90%, late crops.
The signs of the disease are as follows:
- a white or powdery coating that affects the upper side of the leaves, stems, flowers, bracts, beans;
- cleistothecia gradually form; plaque acquires a dirty gray color;
- severely affected parts of the plants coarse and die.
Fungicides help to cope with the disease: Fundazole, Fundazim, Topaz, Quadris, Tilt, Gamair. Effective and folk methods:
- A solution of 1 liter of water, 4 g of soda ash and the same amount of soap (first diluted with water). Treatments should be carried out with a weekly interval of at least 2 times.
- Brew a liter of boiling water 1/2 cup ash, insist 2 days, strain. Add 4 g of soap diluted in water. Process plants, repeat in a week.
- Separate whey from sour milk or kefir, add 10 parts of cold water, mix until smooth. Use the composition for spraying.
Prevention of the disease is:
- early sowing of culture;
- burning of plant debris;
- getting rid of affected plants;
- the use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.
Rust
The causative agent is basidiomycetes of the genus Uromyces. The disease affects beans, stems, leaves. Peas are infected in spring; rust often passes on to it with milkweed. The disease contributes to an excess of nitrogen in the soil.
On the affected parts of the culture, orange-brown powder pads appear, which are summer spores of the pathogen. They are easily carried by the wind. At the end of summer, the pads turn brown, become dark, almost black.
An affected culture disrupts photosynthesis and other important processes. The crop suffers significantly, losses can be more than 30%.
Fungicides must be fought with rust, spraying should be carried out with an interval of 5-7 days. Amistar extra, Rex, Tsineb are effective. You can use Bordeaux liquid or suspension of sulfur sulfur - the concentration of any of these funds should be 1%.
Rust Prevention is:
- weed control, especially milkweed;
- burning of plant debris;
- moderate use of nitrogen fertilizers.
Gray rot
The cause of the disease lies in the polyphagous imperfect fungus Botrytis cinerea Per. Pathogen sclerotia persist in soil, plant debris, seeds. In the latter case, the germination of the seed material suffers. Due to gray rot, the yield is significantly reduced. The development of the disease contribute to low temperatures, precipitation, high relative humidity.
The disease can be identified by the following signs:
- damage to all aerial parts of plants;
- brown color of flowers, the formation of spores on the petals;
- falling of affected flowers - this is how the infection spreads to the rest of the plant;
- watery stains of dirty green color on the underside of leaves, gradually increasing in size;
- spots on the leaves begin to rot over time, a gray coating appears, the leaves fall off.
Gray rot develops when beans are poured and begin to ripen. This does not prevent the formation of seeds, but in wet weather spores of the pathogen appear on them, which leads to decay and decay. Beans can also be affected at the stage of technical ripeness, while the infection penetrates the seeds, they lose sowing qualities. If fully ripened beans are affected, then the seeds suffer only in prolonged rains, their luster disappears, rottenness and brown blurry spots appear.
To fight, fungicides are needed: Title Duo, Scarlet, Fitosporin-M, Bordeaux fluid. You can fight gray rot with folk methods. To do this, a mixture of a glass of wood ash, the same amount of chalk and 1 hour is suitable. All this needs to be dissolved in 10 liters of water, this amount of agent can be processed 2-3 sq. m plot.
Prevention of gray rot is:
- burning plant debris;
- soil disinfection;
- fungicide treatment of seeds and crops.
Pea pests: symptoms, treatment and prevention
Various pests can devour some parts of the plant, spread viruses, bacteria and fungi.
Bean fire
The pest is also called acacia moth. This is a butterfly, it causes damage to the plant at the caterpillar stage. After wintering in cocoons in the soil in spring, they pupate. More often the larvae have a pale green color, sometimes reddish or black.
Caterpillars gnaw through the leaves of the pods, devour the peas. The pest is very gluttonous. Finishing with one bean, he switches to another. A spider line of excrement marks its path. In case of defeat with a bean fire, the yield can be halved, the seeds become unsuitable for sowing.
To control the pest, chlorophos and phosphamide are used for spraying. You can resort to universal insecticides - Borea, Sharpei, Break, Sirocco.
Prevention is:
- deep digging of the soil in the fall;
- early sowing peas;
- distance from acacia;
- timely removal of weeds.
Pea moth
This common enemy of peas is also known as bruchus. This is a brown caterpillar 0.7-0.9 cm long. Arid weather, lack of wind and dark time are preferable for her.
Bruchus lays larvae on leaves and flowers in spring. Peas are the food for young caterpillars. The lesion can be identified by the following signs:
- hole in the pod - the caterpillar gnaws it to get inside;
- black pea-spider web.
Due to the pea moth, you can lose half the crop. Damaged plants become more vulnerable to other pests.
You can fight with bruchus by the following methods:
- preparations with chlorophos or metaphos (Wofatox, Metacid);
- pesticides: Paragraph, Oercot, Alcot;
- garlic infusion - grind 30 g, pour 10 liters of water, leave for a day, strain.
Prevention is:
- the use of early ripening varieties;
- disembarkation in early spring;
- burning of plant debris;
- processing of planting material before sowing.
Grain
This pest also belongs to the genus Bruchus. The size of the beetle is 0.1-2 cm. It has a black oval body, a cruciform pattern on the abdomen. Pupation of larvae occurs in grains; in autumn, beetles are selected for wintering in plant debris and under tree bark.
Vital activity of the pest begins with the fruiting of peas. The beetle prefers sunny and wet weather. It is difficult to detect it, since the only sign is a brown speck on the pod.
To combat pea weevils, there are many drugs: Caesar, Tsunami, Bassoon, Tsepellin, Accord.
For prevention, you need:
- sow peas in the early stages;
- treat the crop at the beginning of flowering with insecticides;
- dig up the soil deep in the fall;
- destroy plant debris;
- observe crop rotation.
Umbrella umbrella
These are small yellow bugs with transparent wings. They penetrate the tissues of the leaves and suck the plant sap. Its ground part is deformed, growth is delayed.
Treatment with ash or celandine will help get rid of the pest. You can use insecticides.
Prevention is:
- burning of plant debris;
- crop rotation compliance.
In order to avoid damage to the umbrella leaf-leaf, peas should not be planted after carrots or in the neighborhood with it.
Colorado beetle
This pest is familiar to many gardeners, and the yellow color makes it easy to detect.Beetle larvae that feed on leaves harm.
To combat the pest, it is necessary to get rid of adults, and to process plantings with special preparations: Zhukoed, Tanrek, Tabu, Senpai.
Nodule weevil
This is a beetle 0.5 cm long, it has no eyes and legs, its head is covered with chitin, there are dark mandibles. It appears in early spring, and eats leaves. Adults eat around the top of the pea, and larvae in the soil devour its lower part. Culture is dying, there is no harvest. Some plants survive, but yields can be reduced by 70%.
Beetles do not stop eating even at night, so in just a day I can cause serious damage. Effectively use Fastak for pest control.
Prevention is:
- early sowing peas;
- burning of plant debris;
- compliance with crop rotation rules.
Chickpea Mining Fly
A small but very dangerous fly for peas. The length of the insect is only 0.2 cm, the body is brown, the head is bright yellow. The fly has a proboscis with which it pierces the stems to feed on plant juices. As a result, yields can fall by 70%.
The same proboscis is used for laying eggs. Hatched larvae make moves in all parts of the plant. These moves have different lengths and shapes, they are called mines. The leaves of the affected plants become lifeless, quickly turn yellow and die.
The pest spreads quickly, 5 generations may appear during the growing season. To combat it, resort to insecticides, the drug Verimek is also effective.
Prevention is:
- deep autumn digging of the site;
- timely removal of weeds;
- compliance with crop rotation rules.
Aphid
The pest affects not only peas, but also other agricultural plants, therefore it is especially important to get rid of it in time. Aphids spreads all kinds of viruses, eats plant juices. The pest itself covers the plants with excrement, which is a favorable environment for the development of pathogenic fungi.
Aphids are 0.5-0.8 cm long, green or red. The pest lives usually in colonies on flowers and leaves, and hibernates on plants. Aphids usually appear in late August.
With the defeat of aphids, crop losses can be more than 70%. Pest control should be insecticides (Fitoverm, Iskra, Fastak). Alternative methods can also be used: a solution of wood ash and laundry soap helps well - 4 g of each product per 10 liters of water.
Prevention is:
- burning of plant debris;
- regular spraying of crops with plain water;
- crop rotation compliance.
Important early crop sowing, which allows you to get a crop before the mass spread of the pest.
Peas often suffer from diseases and pests if the rules for growing them are not followed. It is better to follow preventive measures than to deal with the problem with drugs that are far from always harmless.